Peptide Research
Comprehensive review of scientific research, regulatory status, and clinical data on peptides. Information on FDA-approved medications and investigational compounds.
📑Зміст
Peptide Category Overview
Quick overview by regulatory status
NAD+
⚠️ FDA WarningHealing Peptides
🔬 InvestigationalGrowth Hormone Peptides
🚫 ProhibitedSexual Health
✅ FDA APPROVEDMitochondrial
🔬 InvestigationalBioregulators
🔬 InvestigationalFDA-Approved
✅ APPROVEDGLP-1 Therapy — Ozempic, Mounjaro, Retatrutide, Biopatid
GLP-1 is a separate category: approved medications with full specialist supervision. Their clinical evidence, FDA data, and protocol complex are maintained on a dedicated page /research, to avoid conflating them with research-grade peptides.
Go to GLP-1 research → /researchNAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)
Basic Information
Key Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
500+ enzymatic reactions
Cofactor for sirtuins, PARP
Indications
Energy, cognitive function
Anti-aging effects (theoretical)
Side Effects
Tremor, nausea, fatigue
With injections
Side Effects / Risks:
Scientific Publications:
⚠️ FDA Warning (October 2024)
The FDA issued a safety warning regarding NAD+ injections due to endotoxin contamination risk. Not recommended for injectable use.
BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157)
Basic Information
Key Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Angiogenesis stimulation
VEGF-2 upregulation
Indications
Accelerated wound healing
Ulcer treatment, injuries
Status
Included in risk list
FDA identified significant risks
Side Effects / Risks:
Scientific Publications:
🚫 Prohibited for compounding
BPC-157 has been included by the FDA in the list of substances posing significant safety risks. Temporarily prohibited for compounding.
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)
Basic Information
Key Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Actin regulation
Angiogenesis promotion
Effectiveness
Accelerated recovery
Muscle recovery
Status
Prohibited by WADA
Restricted compounding status
Side Effects / Risks:
Scientific Publications:
🚫 Prohibited by WADA
TB-500 is prohibited for use by athletes under WADA. Restricted compounding status.
CJC-1295 (Growth Hormone Peptide)
Basic Information
Key Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
GH release stimulation
IGF-1 increase
Risks
Elevated heart rate
Vascular reactions
Status
Prohibited for compounding
Since December 2024
Side Effects / Risks:
Scientific Publications:
🚫 Prohibited by FDA (December 2024)
The FDA has included CJC-1295 in the list of substances posing significant safety risks due to reports of elevated heart rate and vascular reactions. Prohibited for compounding from 2025.
Ipamorelin
Basic Information
Key Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Selective GH stimulation
Without cortisol elevation
Advantages
Muscle mass preservation
Improved body composition
Status
Prohibited by WADA
Prohibited for compounding
Side Effects / Risks:
Scientific Publications:
🚫 Prohibited by WADA and FDA
Ipamorelin is prohibited for use by athletes (WADA) and prohibited for compounding by the FDA.
PT-141 (Bremelanotide / Vyleesi)
Basic Information
Key Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Melanocortin receptor
MC3R, MC4R — acts on CNS
Effectiveness
Only FDA-approved
For sexual health
Side Effects
Nausea (40%), flushing (20%)
Headache (11%)
Side Effects / Risks:
Scientific Publications:
✅ Fully FDA-approved
PT-141 (bremelanotide) is the first and only FDA-approved peptide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women.
MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Peptide)
Basic Information
Key Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Metabolic regulation
Increased insulin sensitivity
Research
Metabolic syndrome
Potential geroprotective effects
Status
No license
Research use only
Side Effects / Risks:
Scientific Publications:
🔬 Investigational substance
MOTS-c has no license for medical use and is not FDA-approved. It may only be used in the context of clinical research.
Humanin (Mitochondrial Peptide)
Basic Information
Key Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Neuroprotection
Alzheimer's protection
Status
Early stages
Open studies
Potential
Geroprotection
Neuroprotection
Side Effects / Risks:
🔬 Early research stages
Humanin is in early stages of research. Clinical trial data in humans is not available.
Thymalin (Peptide Bioregulator)
Basic Information
Key Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Immunomodulation
Thymus function regulation
Research
40+ years in Russia
Limited data outside
Potential
Geroprotective effects
Immunomodulation
Side Effects / Risks:
Scientific Publications:
🔬 Limited data outside Russia
Thymalin has extensive research in Russia (40+ years), but limited clinical data outside Russia.
Epitalon (Epithalamin)
Basic Information
Key Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Pineal gland regulation
Geroprotection
Classification
Peptide bioregulator
New class of geroprotectors
Status
Limited data
Outside Russia
Side Effects / Risks:
🔬 Limited clinical data
Epitalon has limited clinical data outside Russia. Classified as a peptide bioregulator.
Sermorelin (Geref)
Basic Information
Key Characteristics
FDA Status
Limited approval
For diagnostics
Availability
Discontinued
2008
Usage
Not first-line
For adults
Side Effects / Risks:
Scientific Publications:
ℹ️ Limited approval
Sermorelin has limited FDA approval for diagnostic tests. Discontinued in 2008 for commercial reasons. Now available only through specialized compounding pharmacies.
📊Conclusions and Regulatory Status (2024-2026)
✅ Fully FDA-Approved
- • GLP-1 agonists (semaglutide, tirzepatide)
- • PT-141 (bremelanotide)
- • Sermorelin (limited)
⚠️ FDA Warnings
- • NAD+ injections (October 2024)
- • CJC-1295 prohibited (December 2024)
- • Expanded list of prohibited substances
🔬 Investigational
- • BPC-157, TB-500
- • MOTS-c, Humanin
- • Peptide bioregulators
Key Conclusions:
- 1.GLP-1 agonists are the only peptides with full FDA approval for broad medical use.
- 2.Peptide therapy remains largely an investigational field with limited regulatory approvals.
- 3.The FDA has tightened control over compounded peptides in 2024-2026.
- 4.The safety and efficacy of most peptides have not been demonstrated in large clinical trials.
- 5.Patients should consult with qualified physicians when considering peptide therapy.
Questions About Regulatory Status
Everything you need to know about safety and approvals
Fully FDA-approved: GLP-1 agonists (semaglutide, tirzepatide) for diabetes and obesity, PT-141 (bremelanotide) for sexual health in women, and sermorelin (limited) for diagnostics. Most other peptides do not have full FDA approval.
Анастасія Шаповал
Спеціаліст з метаболічних програм та контролю ваги
Important: Specialist Consultation
Before starting any peptide therapy, be sure to consult with qualified physicians. Understand the regulatory status, risks, and benefits of each peptide.
Information provided based on current data as of February 2026. Regulatory status may change.